YEC

This is a diagram of the machine at the top of page. It's called a gas Gun. This was invented to achieve the high pressure that is needed to do experiments such as this (making hydrogen into a metallic like substance) work.

It is said that this atmospheric pressure needed, 1.4 million times the pressure of the earth, was not possible in the making of the canopy. But science also says that a lot of pressure and hydrogen is needed during the birth of a planet. Now they say they have pressure to prove what they claim that it takes to make a planet. But where is their pressure coming from? I'd say it's the same pressure that made our planet in the creation also made the canopy. Because everything in the creation was made so fast, the canopy was made in the time it took them to make it in that Gas Gun machine (one microsecond). That's how long they could hold that pressure needed to make the crystalline hydrogen, one microsecond. For God, it was all he needed. Then again, for God to be eternal He would need no time.

Then we have the temperature problem. Since the canopy was on the out most part of our atmosphere, it was where the temperature was cold enough (around -420F) in space. So this maintained the canopy in it's crystalline state.

My theory: Since most all things expand with heat then contract when cooled down. The creation created a lot of heat in a short amount of time, which made the earth expand to where our outer atmosphere is now. Since hydrogen gas is present during the birth of a planet, I believe that this gas was expelled from our planet in a semi metallic state (as shown above that it could be in that state) as the earth cooled and contracted. Upon being expelled it froze in a crystalline state. It was under the pressure needed (probably several times that during the creation) during the birth of our planet. All it needed was the temperature which to freeze and maintain (-420). And you have that in space.

Because this hydrogen in a crystalline state would be considered a superconductor. The magnetic field of the earth would play a role in the creation of this hydrogen canopy also. Then we have two other research facilities that have taken other gases other than hydrogen and put them in a solid crystalline state (metallic).

Researchers at Cornell University have used the diamond anvil cell to make metallic oxygen, sulfur and xenon, says Cornell's Arthur Ruoff.

Recently researchers at Carnegie Institute in Washington, D.C.reproduced these experiments on metallic sulfur, but at low temperatures, and found that the material becomes a superconductor at 10 degrees Kelvin (minus 442 degrees Fahrenheit) when the metallization pressure is reached. You can read about this here: http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/May98/misbehaving.hydrogen.deb.html

Photo provided by NASA and was taken from the window of the space shuttle.

Dr. Carl Baugh has also said that the atmosphere with this hydrogen canopy made the sky pink in color. This was figured out by taking a vacuum tube and putting in the correct ratio of hydrogen and oxygen then applying an electrical current at a sine wave that is similar to the sun. The vacuum tube with these gasses in it glowed pink(hydrogen) in the center and blue(oxygen) on the ends of the vacuum tube, proving his theory. You can also see that Auras have this same effect on our atmosphere. Notice the center of the Aura(in the globe pic) is a pinkish orange color! And the area around the pinkish orange is blue! Just like in the vacuum tube experiment! Which also proves that our atmosphere is capable of this, even in it's current state.

Now we will look at what God's word has to say about this. Genesis 1:6-9 6. And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.
7. And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so.
8. And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.

Now the word firmament means: from the Vulgate firmamentum, which is used as the translation of the Hebrew raki a. This word means simply "expansion." It denotes the space or expanse like an arch appearing immediately above us. They who rendered raki a by firmamentum regarded it as a solid body. In verse 8, this is the best evidence of where the firmament (Crystalline hydrogen canopy) was located. And God called the firmament heaven! Where are the heavens located? In the sky! Here we see God giving the location of the firmament (Crystalline hydrogen canopy).

Here we see the word expansion. The canopy expanded over the earth. It also denotes an arch, which means that it was suspended. Then we have the word solid. Which when we go back to what hydrogen has to be to do this(solid or crystalline), we see that God's word coincides with this. It is plain that it was used to denote solidity as well as expansion. It formed a division between the waters above and the waters below (Gen. 1:7). The raki a supported the upper reservoir (Ps. 148:4). It was the support also of the heavenly bodies (Gen. 1:14), and is spoken of as having "windows" and "doors" (Gen. 7:11; Isa. 24:18; Mal. 3: 10) through which the rain and snow might descend.

Firmament means also to compress into thin sheets. Now the metal carpenters (shape the metal) back in biblical times, would beat the metal into thin sheets and cover whatever object they were working on. So we have Hydrogen being made into metal, and it being compressed into a thin sheet as it is expanded into our upper atmosphere like an arch. As it expands it is compressed and stretched into thin sheets of metal.

Note: When the Israelites left Egypt In Exodus 13:21-22 21. And the Lord went before them by day in a pillar of a cloud, to lead them the way; and by night in a pillar of fire, to give them light; to go by day and night:
22. He took not away the pillar of the cloud by day, nor the pillar of fire by night, from before the people. Was the pillar of fire spoke of where God made an Aura? An Aura sticks up straight (like a pillar) and waves like fire! Could be.

The most commonly asked questions about our metallic hydrogen experiments are:

Do any metallic systems have electrical conductivities similar to those of metallic hydrogen?

Yes. The electrical conductivities of metallic fluid Cs and Rb at 2000 K are identical to those of fluid hydrogen when all three undergo the same continuous transition from a semiconducting to metallic fluid.
What is different about these shock experiments compared to previous ones which tried to metallize hydrogen at static high pressures in a diamond cell?

We shock-heated hydrogen to about 3000 K, which produced a fluid. Previous experiments with static megabar pressures were performed at room temperature or below, which produced solid hydrogen.
Why does metallization occur in the fluid at a lower pressure than for the solid?

Metallization in solid hydrogen is inhibited by phase transitions in crystal structure and molecular orientation. Neither exists in the disordered fluid.
Does any other element become metallic at a lower pressure in the fluid than in the solid?

Yes. Iodine becomes metallic at 30 kbar in the fluid and 160 kbar in the solid.
What do you mean by a metal?

Metallic fluid hydrogen is achieved when high pressures reduce the energy gap Eg between the filled valence-electron band and the unfilled conduction-electron band down to Eg~kBT, where kB is Boltzmann's constant and T is the temperature. When Eg~kBT, thermal smearing in the disordered fluid fills in the energy gap, a metallic density of electronic states is achieved, and the electronic system has a Fermi surface characteristic of a metal.
Why not heat hydrogen in a diamond cell to achieve the same high pressures and temperatures as in the shock experiments?

Because of the high mobility of hydrogen at high temperatures, the diamond cell is essentially transparent to hydrogen diffusion. The highest recorded temperature of hydrogen in a diamond cell is 500 K. At higher temperatures the cell is empty because hydrogen diffuses away.
How does shock compression heat hydrogen?

Because shock compression is so fast, it is also adiabatic. That is, heat produced by compression has insufficient time to be conducted or radiated away. Also, by reaching final pressure with a shock reverberating in soft hydrogen between stiff sapphire anvils, the final hydrogen temperature is about 1/10 what it would be if final pressure were reached in a single shock. In this way the temperature is about twice the melting temperature and 2% of the Fermi temperature, just the right temperature to produce melted condensed matter.
Why doesn't hydrogen diffuse out of a shock-compressed sample?

The experiment lasts only 100 ns, too short a time for the hydrogen to diffuse away.
Is metallic hydrogen in thermal equilibrium?

Yes. Within the 3-ns time resolution of the diagnostic system, there are ~10⁵ intermolecular collisions and 4 times as many vibrations. This number of collisions is larger by 3-4 orders of magnitude than required to achieve thermal equilibrium.
Is metallic hydrogen in electrical equilibrium?

Yes. The thickness of the hydrogen layer decreases from the initial value of 500 mm down to the compressed value of 50 mm. The calculated flux diffusion time for a layer 50 mm thick with our highest electrical conductivity of 2000 (W-cm)^-1 is < 1 ns, which indicates that the electrical current reaches its equilibrium flow pattern in <1 ns.
Is the experiment affected by hydrodynamic interfacial instabilities?

No. Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities did not occur when shock waves traversed the planar interfaces between sapphire and hydrogen because the initial surfaces of the sapphire crystals were optically flat (300 A rms surface roughness) and the time duration of the experiment (100 ns) was too short to allow such small instabilities to grow during the duration of the measurement.
Is the temperature lowered by radiative cooling?

No. The temperature lost by radiation in 100 ns is <1 K out of 3000 K, a negligible amount. Thermal radiation is emitted from about 2 optical depths (640 A@) at the surface of the metallic hydrogen. The energy radiated at 3000 K was calculated from the Stefan-Boltzmann radiation law and converted to the radiated temperature using the calculated heat capacity of 2 optical depths of metallic hydrogen.
Is the temperature lowered by thermal conduction?

No. An interfacial layer of metallic hydrogen ~0.5 mm thick is cooled about 200 K in 100 ns; both are negligible compared to the 50-mm total thickness at 3000 K. The heat conducted was calculated using values of thermal conductivity and diffusivity of metallic hydrogen calculated with the Wiedemann-Franz law; values for alumina at 1500 K, its calculated shock temperature, were taken as handbook values.
Is the measured conductivity caused by a metallic interfacial layer formed by high-temperature chemical reactions?

No. Such a layer, if it were to exist, would be too thin after 100 ns and its electrical conductivity too small to account for the measured signal. For example, there is insufficient time to form a thin metallic layer of pure Al by the reduction of Al₂O₃ by metallic hydrogen. In 100 ns the conservatively estimated diffusion constant of H₂ into Al₂ O₃is too small for the hydrogen to get sufficiently deep inside the Al₂O₃ and the diffision constants of O₂, H₂O, and OH->are far too small for them to get out of the anvil to allow formation of a metallic layer of Al.
Is current carried by ions, rather than by electrons.

No. Current is carried by electrons. The Drude conductivity depends inversely on the mass of the carrier. The masses of an electron and of a proton, the lightest possible ion, differ by a factor of 2000, which indicates that electronic conduction dominates. For example, the electrical conductivities of ionic alkali-halide fluids are typically about 1 (W-cm)^-1, while conductivities of pure metallic alkali fluids are typically a few 1000 (W-cm)^-1. We measured a metallic hydrogen conductivity of 2000 (W-cm)^-1.
Is current carried by electrons in an impurity band of H monomers in a semiconducting H₂ host, as in the degenerate doped semiconductor Si(P)?

No. The electronic structures of the H atom and the H₂ molecule are very similar, which means the energy gap we observe is that of the H₂-H mixture. Also, fluid H₂ at 3000 K does not have a high dielectric constant, which means that H2 and H only interact at short range. In contrast, the electronic structure of crystalline Si and P are very different. Also, crystalline Si has a high dielectic constant, which permits dilute concentrations of P to interact at long range in a semiconducting Si host and form a conducting P impurity band in the bandgap of Si. Metallic fluid hydrogen is nothing like Si(P).
Is the value of the electrical resistivity of metallic hydrogen consistent with simple expectations?

Yes. The measured value of 500 mW-cm is bracketed by simple models. The formula for the calculated maximum resistivity of a metal gives a value of 250 mW-cm. A calculation of the electrical resisivity using the Ziman weak-scattering model for a molecular liquid metal gives a value of 100 mW-cm. The electrical resistivity calculated in the strong-scattering free-electron model gives 1700 mW-cm. All these values are within a factor of 5 or less of the measurement, which indicates the measured value is reasonable.
Why has the measured resistivity value of metallic hydrogen, 500 mW-cm, not been calculated theoretically?

Because no theory exists for this novel state of condensed matter. For example, tight-binding molecular-dynamics calculations indicate that the energies of translation, vibration, and rotation of H₂are all comparable in fluid metallic hydrogen. Present theories of liquid metals assume these energies are significantly different from one another.
If metallic hydrogen could be retained metastably on release of pressure, what properties would it have?

Metallic hydrogen is speculated to have a number of interesting properties and important applications, if it could be quenched from high pressures to ambient. It is not known how, nor even whether, metallic hydrogen could be quenched to ambient but the potential benefits are enormous if it could be. For this reason it is worth speculating on possible uses of metastable solid metallic hydrogen.
The ten times higher density of metallic DT fuel pellets, relative to molecular solid ones, would increase substantially the energy produced in laser-driven ICF, giving giant lasers, such as LLNL's NOVA and future NIF, an even larger margin for success than expected previously. The higher starting density of the fuel might produce a sufficiently large increase in ICF energy yield such that it might be possible to use only deterium as the fuel. The absence of radioactive tritium might make the ICF energy source much more attractive to commercial energy producers.

Metallic solid hydrogen has been predicted to be a room-temperature superconductor, which would result in substantial energy conservation nationwide.

Metastable metallic hydrogen would have a very high density of stored energy because it would have a density about ten times that of liquid H₂at 1 bar. Thus, the stored energy released by reversion to the diatomic insulating fluid would also be very large and metastable metallic hydrogen would have widespread applications as fuels. If this energy were released relatively slowly or quickly, metallic hydrogen would be either a clean propellant, as gasoline, or an explosive, respectively. The predicted specific impulse of metallic hydrogen is about 5 times that of liquid H₂/O₂ fuel now used to launch rockets into space. This large increase in specific impulse would result in smaller cheaper spacecraft, which would greatly facilitate space travel.

If solid metallic hydrogen has sufficient strength, it might be useful as a light-weight structural material. For example, automobiles made of metallic hydrogen would be ~10 times lighter than current ones made of steel, enhancing fuel efficiency and reducing conventional fuel emissions. The ideal would be to synthesize metallic hydrogen to be either extremely metastable, as diamond, for use as a structural material or readily reactive, as gasoline.

Large quantities of metallic hydrogen might be made by shock recovery methods using large systems of chemical explosives, as DuPont now shock-synthesizes diamond.

Reference: http://www-phys.llnl.gov/H_Div/GG/Nellis.html

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